Characterizing three types of conflict, we argued that the features of norm conflicts are augmented in the process of escalation. Although researchers have focused on two basic principles of conflict resolution, rationality and fairness/justice, some conflict seems impossible to resolve by these principles. As in the case of “justice crash,” the principle of fairness/justice sometimes escalates conflicts. To resolve these difficult conflicts, forgiveness is necessary as the third principle. Research has found that forgiveness has positive effects on both personal mental health and interpersonal relationships. We postulated a model of psychological processes of forgiveness: It consists of cognitive reappraisal of the situation, intrinsic generous motives (personal beliefs, self-ideal, guilt, and empathy) and extrinsic generous motives (fear of counterattack, relationship maintenance, and group coherence). Our analysis of the reported episodes of being harmed provided evidence for the model. Further, we assumed a set of situational determinants of the cognitive and motivational variables included in the model: Relationship closeness, in-group, apology, and arousal of empathy. Findings of our empirical studies generally supported the predictions regarding the effects of the situational determinants.
（寛容性が問題となる対人葛藤の生起プロセスをまとめ、その中で寛容性を生み出す動機を理論的に分類した。その結果、内発的動機が４動機、外発的動機が3動機あることが示された。また、アメリカ人との国際比較研究を通して、日本人はアメリカ人よりも謝罪をよく受け入れ、寛容的になることが示された。）
pp. 61-71.
Ken-ichi OHBUCHI & Naomi TAKADA
